What is being discussed in the video? Explain your answer.
The video contains an explanation of the five symptoms of inferiority complex which involves the speaker’s personal experience but is also equipped with the opinions of physiologists. The symptoms consist of an action comparing oneself to others unfavorably, a false sense of superiority, an extreme sensitivity to criticism, cycles of procrastination and perfectionism, and extreme judgmental critics of others. The speaker also gave tips to increase self-esteem to overcome inferiority complex based on suggestions and opinions from physiologists. These tips include cognitive behavioral therapy techniques that fix an individual’s negative self-talk and thoughts. The speaker also mentions another strategy recommended by therapists is to repeat positive affirmations each day by serving as a way to replace negative evaluations with positive ones. The speaker also recommends changing the way we set goals that are adaptive to personal capabilities instead of other people’s capabilities.
What is the speaker’s main purpose? Explain your answer.
The speaker’s main purpose is to educate the audiences about why they are feeling inferior or having self-esteem problems by providing information about inferiority complex and tips to overcome the problems.
How trustworthy is this video? Who is the speaker? What is the source? Do you think the source and the speaker are trustworthy?
The speaker is Romany Malco– the founder of People Empowerment Platform that promotes personal and professional development. In the video, the speaker stated that he arranged the information based on research. It can be confirmed that the information is reliable because the speaker uses quotations from experts such as therapists and physiologists.
What the speaker’s attitude or tone towards the subject? Does he/she seem to agree or disagree with it? Explain your answer.
The speaker seemed emotional in delivering his speech because he had previously stated that the information contained in the video was the speaker’s experience, although throughout the video he never once gave an example of a real event that he had experienced. His emotional feelings peaked when in the second session, which session he conveyed tips to overcome the inferiority complex. In my view, he did this at the same time to be able to motivate the audience through the delivery of passionate messages.
Does the speaker put forward valid or strong arguments? How does he/she support the key points? Explain your answer.
The speaker gave a strong enough argument to explain the characteristics and mentioned a little about the factors causing the inferiority complex because it was equipped with expert opinions. However, he describes the causal factors that are too general, so they tend to justify the cause of a symptom of inferiority. Though it could be that every symptom experienced by an individual does not come from the same thing because each individual has a different background.
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Moritz, S., Werner, R., & Collani, G. V. (2006). The inferiority complex in paranoia readdressed: a study with the Implicit Association Test. Cognitive neuropsychiatry, 11(4), 402-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800444000263
This article shows the situation of patients who have an Inferiority complex which is associated with a more severe condition, namely schizophrenia. Schizophrenic patients also show symptoms of Inferiority complex, namely a decrease in the level of self-confidence both implicitly and explicitly which can affect the patient’s health. This shows that self-esteem is crucial in humans, not only about the quality of life, but also related to the health and mental condition of an individual.
What is being discussed in the video? Explain your answer.
The video explains the comparison of Inferiority complex and superiority complex using the basic knowledge of Alfred Adler Individual psychology theory. The speaker cited Adler’s theory which states that the inferiority complex is a strong feeling of low self-esteem plus a lack of courage to strive and grow. Then, in the video, the speaker explains that the superiority complex is the same condition as the inferiority complex but is also accompanied by a feeling of not being able to accept one’s own shortcomings. The topic of discussion is continued with the common goal of someone who has a superiority complex or inferiority complex condition to find the specialty from their side by comparing themselves with other people’s values but taken in a different way.
What is the speaker’s main purpose? Explain your answer.
The purpose of the speaker in the video is to inform the audience about the inferiority and superiority complex conditions based on Adler’s theory, as well as to give advice to the audience on setting realistic goals without neglecting their own values.
How trustworthy is this video? Who is the speaker? What is the source? Do you think the source and the speaker are trustworthy?
The speaker’s name is Alina Mueller who is a graduate of MSc in psychology. In this video, Alfred Adler’s theory of individual psychology is used as the knowledge base for the content of this video. The source used by the speaker in compiling the material is a reliable source because Alfred Adler is a medical doctor who focuses on psychotherapy and physicist.
What the speaker’s attitude or tone towards the subject? Does he/she seem to agree or disagree with it? Explain your answer.
The speaker conveys his argument in a gentle tone perhaps to fulfill the purpose of the video which is to provide information as well as advice to the audience. The speaker’s explanation explained that for her the most important thing in setting goals for someone who has an inferior or superior condition is the importance of fixing the feeling of wanting to show their speciality by using the achievements of others as a benchmark.
Does the speaker put forward valid or strong arguments? How does he/she support the key points? Explain your answer.
The argument from the speaker has a strong basis because it is accompanied by related theories, especially in the section explaining the conditions experienced by people who are struggling with inferiority or superiority complexes. But the speaker’s opinion states that people who struggle with these conditions have the aim of showing a special side from within them, making the information conveyed not comprehensive enough. The speaker can broaden the topic of goal setting that is more comprehensive and has a variety of background examples from each individual. This is important to prevent some audiences from concluding that people who have an inferiority or superiority complex are merely attention seekers.
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Kolisnyk, L., Čekrlija, Đ., & Kalagurka, B. (2020). Peculiarities of superiority and inferiority complexes of Ukrainians. Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal, 3(2), 38-38. https://doi.org/10.32437/mhgcj.v4i2.86
This article shows that It is unusual for Ukrainians to solve their inferiority complex as they get older. Gender has no bearing on the intensity of their inferiority and superiority complexes. Ukrainians in positions of power have a lower inferiority complex and a higher superiority complex. People with a low educational level are more likely to suffer from inferiority complexes. That means it’s so important to pay attention to the background of people who can affect the inferiority or superiority complex condition, not just from the general goal of someone who just wants to look special so as to make them feel dissatisfied with themselves and create this complexity
What is being discussed in the video? Explain your answer.
The video conveys the theory of the “life lie” put forward by Alfred Adler in Individual Psychology. Life lie is the reason that makes a person give up and avoid big tasks in social, family, work, and love. Inferiority can be the trigger for the emergence of a life lie as an excuse to blame the situation for the low courage possessed by an individual. Feelings of inferiority are something that is natural for an individual to have, if they take advantage of their inferiority as a trigger for self-development and goals in life.
What is the speaker’s main purpose? Explain your answer.
The speaker’s goal is to present Alfred Adler’s theory of life lie, then combine it with her interpretation so as to present information along with a motivation for the audiences to have the courage to face their big tasks in life.
How trustworthy is this video? Who is the speaker? What is the source? Do you think the source and the speaker are trustworthy?
Alfred Adler’s theory of individual psychology is utilized as the information background for the content of this film in this video. Because Alfred Adler is a medical practitioner who focuses on psychotherapy and physics, the source utilized by the speaker in creating the content is a reputable source.
What the speaker’s attitude or tone towards the subject? Does he/she seem to agree or disagree with it? Explain your answer.
The speaker dominates the video by explaining the theory and developing it by providing real-life examples of applying the ‘life lie’ theory.
Does the speaker put forward valid or strong arguments? How does he/she support the key points? Explain your answer.
In my opinion, the speaker has quite a comprehensive argument and discourse because he uses Alfred Adler’s theory as a foundation in the content.
Explain how this article will help contribute to your larger group project.
Smith, M. K., Trivers, R., & von Hippel, W. (2017). Self-deception facilitates interpersonal persuasion. Journal of Economic Psychology, 63, 93-101.
In my view, the concept of self-deception has similarities with the concept of life lie so that it makes me interested in exploring knowledge of this concept. Self-deception is both ubiquitous and expensive, raising the issue of what function it may serve. Self-deception, according to the prevalent explanation in psychology and economics, is an intrapersonal process that fortifies and protects the self from dangerous knowledge. Another idea is that self-deception arose as a social tool for persuading others. The researchers offered them a persuasive task and examined their information processing biases and persuasiveness to explore interpersonal elements of self-deception. People who were financially motivated to convince another person in a certain manner displayed a self-deceptive information processing bias compatible with their persuasive aims, according to the findings. Because of this information processing bias, persons were able to persuade themselves of the reality of their persuasive purpose, and as a result, they were more persuasive to others. These findings imply that self-deception has interpersonal benefits that outweigh its disadvantages.
What is being discussed in the video? Explain your answer.
Historian & Author Onyeka Nubia explains the roots of African inferiority that’s embedded in people’s subconscious minds. The speaker talked about what happened to his friend. Her friend is a strong black woman who dedicates her time to good things, for example, she supports and supports a small African village, lives as a vegan, and tries to show the virtuous nature of being a black person. One day she was annoyed by a black teenager who tried to rob her. She was able to fight the teenager, then beat him while swearing racistly. Before long, the woman realized that what she had just done was the opposite of what she had dedicated all this time to black people. Reflecting on the incident, the speaker explained human nature, especially Africans who think black people are the same as people in general. But in everyone’s subconscious, it is still imprinted that “black” is a bad thing, and “white” is better than “black”. In addition to racist treatment from other people who often make black people feel inferior to their skin color, the human subconscious mind can also cause the same thing.
What is the speaker’s main purpose? Explain your answer.
I caught the speaker’s implied message that people should keep their emotions in check. This is because every individual has a bad subconscious thought about something or about their own class which can lead to inferiority. Once a person loses control, it can destroy their strong mentality and make they feel that their efforts have been in vain.
How trustworthy is this video? Who is the speaker? What is the source? Do you think the source and the speaker are trustworthy?
Dr. Onyeka Nubia FRHistS is a British historian, writer, and lecturer. Writing under the pen name Onyeka, his works explore the history of Black British people and multiculturalism in the United Kingdom. In his speech, he stated that subconscious inferiority in African people is embedded in their “DNA”. He didn’t mention what is the source or the study basis that makes me a little concerned with the trustworthiness of this discourse. However, his portfolio as a historian that focused on Black people and multiculturalism is quite worth trusting and makes the discourse a reflection.
What the speaker’s attitude or tone towards the subject? Does he/she seem to agree or disagree with it? Explain your answer.
The speaker dominated his speech with the story of his friend’s experience. In this way, he tries to build a connection with the audience to be more engaged with his discourse. It seems that this video is a snippet of a long speech because in this video it seems that it only creates feelings of inferiority for the audience. At least there must be a conclusion, clear reflection, and motivation to complete this speech as a constructive discourse.
Does the speaker put forward valid or strong arguments? How does he/she support the key points? Explain your answer.
There are not many key points that can support his argument. However, the speaker explained the human psychological side of the colors “black” and “white” which I think is very logical. Children have formed psychological thoughts about the colors they see. Starting from a fairy tale, picture book, the name of an event or a thing. and others that involve color in it.
Explain how this article will help contribute to your larger group project.
Smith, T. W. (1992). Changing racial labels: From “colored” to “negro” to “Black” to “African American”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56(4), 496-514.
Labels are essential to determining groups and the individuals who belong to them. This has been notably true for racial and ethnic groupings in general, and especially for Blacks. Over the course of a century, the conventional name for Blacks has moved from “Colored” to “Negro” to “Black” and, maybe, to “African American.” The developments might be interpreted as Blacks’ attempts to remake themselves and achieve respect and stature in a culture that has long regarded them as submissive and inferior.
What is being discussed in the video? Explain your answer.
The speaker explains Alfred Adler’s theory of inferiority to superiority striving combined with her interpretation. In an effort to eliminate one’s feelings of inferiority, it is necessary to change the mindset of oneself from being inferior to being superior(the term “superiority” in this discourse doesn’t mean that feel in a high position or a mere superior, but superior in this term can be mentioned as security, self-esteem, or anything that makes people valued). The speaker uses the parable of infant development in describing this striving. Babies initially have lower abilities than the adults around them. But babies don’t think or feel inferior about things that adults can do. They continue to explore, learn new things, cry over things that hurt them when they fall while learning to walk, then forget the problem and continue to grow.
What is the speaker’s main purpose? Explain your answer.
The speaker’s goal is to present Alfred Adler’s theory of striving, then combine it with her interpretation so as to present information along with motivation.
How trustworthy is this video? Who is the speaker? What is the source? Do you think the source and the speaker are trustworthy?
The speaker’s name is Alina Mueller is a graduate of MSc in psychology. In this video, Alfred Adler’s theory of individual psychology is used as the knowledge base for the content of this video. The source used by the speaker in compiling the material is a reliable source because Alfred Adler is a medical doctor who focuses on psychotherapy and physicist.
What the speaker’s attitude or tone towards the subject? Does he/she seem to agree or disagree with it? Explain your answer.
The speaker dominates the video by explaining the theory and developing it by providing real-life examples of applying ‘striving’ theory.
Does the speaker put forward valid or strong arguments? How does he/she support the key points? Explain your answer.
In my opinion, the speaker has quite a comprehensive argument and discourse because he uses Alfred Adler’s theory as a foundation in the content.
Explain how this article will help contribute to your larger group project.
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Bellew, R., Mills, A., & Gale, C. (2009). The dark side of competition: How competitive behaviour and striving to avoid inferiority are linked to depression, anxiety, stress and self‐harm. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 82(2), 123-136.
The social rank theory of depression led to this study, which sought to investigate the link between depression, anxiety, stress, and self-harm and seeking to avoid inferiority, feelings of shame, and attachment patterns. Participants with depression (n=62) completed a battery of questions that assessed their desire to avoid inferiority, worries of missing out, being neglected, and active rejection, attachment, social status, and psychopathologies. The desire to avoid inferiority was shown to be substantially related to social rank characteristics and anxious attachment. The social rank variable of outward shame, as well as anxious attachment, were found to be mediators of the connection between seeking to avoid inferiority and depression. These findings imply that increased competitive behavior might have a “dark side.” This study shows me information that when people are insecure in their social circumstances, they may develop a hierarchical perspective of themselves and others, with a fear of rejection if they believe they have become too inferior or submissive. This may make people more prone to sadness, anxiety, and stress.
What is being discussed in the video? Explain your answer.
This video explains the inferiority complex that can happen to anyone, as well as how to overcome it based on the experience of the speaker. The speech was opened with the speaker telling about the condition of her friend who has problems with an inferiority complex even though he usually looks cheerful and has no problems in his life. The speaker continued the topic of an inferiority complex that could happen to anyone by quoting research from Professor Alfred Adler who studied Napoleon’s behavioral patterns which showed that Napoleon displayed an aggressive attitude to cover up feelings of inferiority due to his short height. The speaker then explains the characteristics of the inferiority complex. First, she mentioned that people who experience an inferiority complex tend to be more sensitive to the treatment of others. Second, people who have this condition tend to act as attention seekers because they want to get appreciation from others. If a person with an inferiority complex does not get the praise he wants, he will start hating people. Third, of course, people with inferiority complexes will compare themselves with others without involving realistic standardization, especially with people who have achievements far above them. Fourth, they tend to act submissively because they feel that they do not have the competence to do something, so they choose not to stand out so as not to get ridiculed by others. Finally, they tend to pretend to be helpless without fighting the problem, then show it on social media that they are sad or depressed. After describing these characteristics, the speaker gave tips to overcome inferiority complex based on his past story as a very shy person who then began to pay attention to the opportunities he could take to change, then ventured to take steps to change in order to grow self-esteem and self-love.
What is the speaker’s main purpose? Explain your answer.
The purpose of the speaker is to invite the audience to reflect on their behavior and how they deal with their inferior problems. The speaker also shared his experience on how to overcome the problems that arise related to inferiority complex.
How trustworthy is this video? Who is the speaker? What is the source? Do you think the source and the speaker are trustworthy?
The speaker in this video is Jessica Jeyakumar who is a service consultant who on that occasion delivered her speech at a TEDx event which usually makes the program in the format of a talk show. In his speech, the speaker mostly conveys information based on his experience. She only mentioned the results of Napoleon Bonaparte’s behavioral research conducted by Afred Adler, a professor who is known for introducing the inferiority complex phenomenon.
What the speaker’s attitude or tone towards the subject? Does he/she seem to agree or disagree with it? Explain your answer.
The speaker dominates the speech by telling stories or experiences. As far as I know, the story-telling method is effective in capturing the listener’s emotional feelings so that they can make the audience listen to the speech until it’s over. The story-telling method is often used by Steve Jobs in starting his presentation when launching Apple products so that it can cause emotional feelings from the audience. Even though she uses a method to attract the audience’s emotions, Jessica Jeyakumar seems to be “teaching” the audience regarding information about the inferiority complex and how to overcome it. In my opinion, this approach seems contradictory to the speaker’s opening, coupled with the lack of citations to research sources in explaining the characteristics of people who experience inferiority complexes. In my opinion, it would be better for the speaker to convey how to overcome the inferiority complex accompanied by passionate motivations like the speaker from the videos I have watched previously.
Does the speaker put forward valid or strong arguments? How does he/she support the key points? Explain your answer.
In a topic that explains that an inferiority complex can happen to anyone, what the speaker has delivered in my opinion is good enough because it involves the story of his experience and cites research from Alfred Adler. However, the speaker’s presentation of the characteristics of people who suffer from inferiority complex does not have a strong basis because there is no source citation, and makes the information tend to make the audience justify the behavior of others. Especially in the second and fifth points about the characteristics of people with inferiority complex can make the audience think that people who have these symptoms will be considered as attention seekers and pretend to be depressed. This of course can have a dangerous impact if the speaker does not pay close attention to the choice of words and the source of the information so that the audience misunderstands the speaker’s message.
Explain how this article will help contribute to your larger group project.
dos Santos, M. F., & Pereira, C. R. (2021). The social psychology of a selective national inferiority complex: Reconciling positive distinctiveness and system justification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 95, 104118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104118
Regarding the topic of an inferiority complex that can happen to anyone. There is a study that examines the national-scale inferiority complex. The national inferiority complex was described in 1958 by the Brazilian journalist Nelson Rodrigues as “how Brazilians voluntarily place themselves in a position of inferiority in comparison to the rest of the world.” In three experimental studies, the researchers tested the hypothesis of a “national inferiority effect” on the behavior of Brazilian participants awarding compensation to a victim of police violence. Study 1 varied the skin color (Black vs. White) and cultural origin (Brazilian vs. African vs. European) of a target and demonstrated the presence of a selective national inferiority effect: participants awarded less compensation to the Brazilian victim than to the European, but higher compensation to the Brazilian victim than to the African, particularly when the victim was White. Study 2 replicated this effect, showing that the victim’s skin color is a key factor in the emergence of the national inferiority complex. Study 3 went further and showed that the perceived injustice of an arrest mediates the national inferiority effect. The discussion suggests that the national inferiority complex could represent a compromise between positive distinctiveness and system justification motivations.
What is being discussed in the video? Explain your answer.
This video discusses the difference between self-affirmation and self-acceptance as a step to free oneself from the inferiority complex. Self-affirmation can be called a step to deceive ourselves to suggest that we have no problems, strong personalities, and other “positive” suggestions. But the speaker thinks that this step only makes us run away from the problems we have. For example, if we fail to score high on an exam, then we suggest to ourselves that it is not a problem and cheer ourselves up because we have tried our best without considering the next step as self-improvement. This habit can strive our inferiority complex into superiority complex because we force everything like what we want and what we suggest to ourselves. While self-acceptance is a step to accept our weak side so that it can be used as a reflection to improve ourselves. For example, we sincerely accept a bad test result, then pay attention to which side we can improve.
What is the speaker’s main purpose? Explain your answer.
The purpose of the speaker is to explain the difference between self-affirmation and self-acceptance because self-affirmation is becoming a trend. So the speaker felt that he needed to explain the bad side of self-affirmation based on the book Individual Psychology proposed by Alfred Adler.
How trustworthy is this video? Who is the speaker? What is the source? Do you think the source and the speaker are trustworthy?
The speaker’s name is Alina Mueller is a graduate of MSc in psychology. In this video, Alfred Adler’s theory of individual psychology is used as the knowledge base for the content of this video. The source used by the speaker in compiling the material is a reliable source because Alfred Adler is a medical doctor who focuses on psychotherapy and physicist.
What the speaker’s attitude or tone towards the subject? Does he/she seem to agree or disagree with it? Explain your answer.
In my opinion, the speaker has quite a comprehensive argument and discourse because he uses Alfred Adler’s theory as a foundation in the content. She thinks that the self-affirmation trend can bring bad effects on people’s minds and mental.
Does the speaker put forward valid or strong arguments? How does he/she support the key points? Explain your answer.
In my opinion, the speaker has quite a comprehensive argument and discourse because he uses Alfred Adler’s theory as a foundation in the content. However, her opinion supported by Adler’s theory about self-affirmation needs a more clear explanation about factors and requirements to bring the good effects of self-affirmation, because there is a possibility that some people can feel the benefit of self-affirmation.
Explain how this article will help contribute to your larger group project.
Borman, G. D., Grigg, J., Rozek, C. S., Hanselman, P., & Dewey, N. A. (2018). Self-affirmation effects are produced by school context, student engagement with the intervention, and time: Lessons from a district-wide implementation. Psychological Science, 29(11), 1773-1784.
Although self-affirmation shows potential for closing racial academic performance inequalities, conflicting results have raised concerns regarding the conditions under which the self-affirmation intervention achieves long-term effects at scale. Researchers examined whether initial academic benefits in middle school carried over into high school, tested for differential impacts moderated by school context, and assessed the causal effects of student engagement with self-affirming writing prompted by the intervention in this follow-up to the first district-wide scale-up of a self-affirmation intervention. Longitudinal findings show that self-affirmation minimizes the increase of the racial achievement gap by half during the high school transition. Furthermore, impacts are highest in school situations where ethnic minority children face greater identity risks, and student participation is causally related to benefits. The findings suggest that if self-affirmation treatments are widely adopted, they have the potential to have substantial, long-term academic benefits; however, these effects will be dependent on both contextual and individual factors.
What is being discussed in the video? Explain your answer.
This video is a small-scale investigation conducted by a YouTuber from Taiwan to investigate the habits of cosmetic brands that use western models or western half-bloods as models for cosmetic advertisements in Taiwan. The speaker suspects whether most Taiwanese people experience inferiority regarding their natural appearance as Asian. In the end, the speaker did not find a definite reason and then invited the viewers to discuss it through the comments section. In the comment section, there is a viewer who introduced herself as a worker of several cosmetics and luxurious brands and share the reason why the companies do that. It is because foreign models cost less if they are compared to Taiwanese celebrities. Furthermore, companies marketing have surveyed that the companies targeting elder people in Taiwan as the target market which have inferiority with their Asian appearance.
What is the speaker’s main purpose? Explain your answer.
To investigate and discuss Taiwanese inferiority complex on their appearance based on cosmetic brands’ marketing.
How trustworthy is this video? Who is the speaker? What is the source? Do you think the source and the speaker are trustworthy?
The speaker’s name is Ya Ting Yu– a vlogger known as IrisVirus that often does investigation or social experiments on Taiwanese citizens. In this video, she used Wikipedia as a source of information on the Inferiority Complex. Then she surveys several cosmetic retails in Taiwan to see how many cosmetics products that use western people as models.
What the speaker’s attitude or tone towards the subject? Does he/she seem to agree or disagree with it? Explain your answer.
She is concerned about the majority of cosmetics brands promoting their product with western models. She suspects that Taiwanese people as the consumer of the products have an inferiority complex but she can’t find the answer after all.
Does the speaker put forward valid or strong arguments? How does he/she support the key points? Explain your answer.
Her arguments related to Taiwanese appearance inferiority are quite logical but don’t support by reliable sources.
Explain how this article will help contribute to your larger group project.
Forster, E. (2017). Rethinking the Inferiority Complex: Chinese Opinions on Westerners’ Knowledge of Chinese (1910s–1930s). The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 45(6), 923-941.
It has been said that early twentieth-century China suffered from a ‘inferiority complex,’ or the belief that Western civilization was superior than Chinese culture. As a result, many Chinese intellectuals studied English, learned about the West, and traveled overseas. This study claims that the ‘inferiority complex’ drew a line when it came to opinions about what Westerners might know about China and its language, drawing on Westerners’ manuscript collections, Chinese diaries, correspondence, and published articles from the 1910s to the early 1930s. Pro-Western intellectuals, ranging from the great Hu Shi to obscure Beijing undergraduates, asserted that Westerners would never grasp China, let alone the Chinese language. It has been said that early twentieth-century China suffered from a ‘inferiority complex,’ or the belief that Western civilization was superior than Chinese culture. As a result, many Chinese intellectuals studied English, learned about the West, and traveled overseas. This study claims that the ‘inferiority complex’ drew a line when it came to opinions about what Westerners might know about China and its language, drawing on Westerners’ manuscript collections, Chinese diaries, correspondence, and published articles from the 1910s to the early 1930s. Pro-Western intellectuals, ranging from the great Hu Shi to obscure Beijing undergraduates, asserted that Westerners would never grasp China, let alone the Chinese language.